Cognitive or cultural ? Behaviour in business & science

There are a myriad of scientific (pyschological, sociological or anthropological) works published over the years which seek to define the differences between 'base' human behavioural responses (cognitive) to stimuli from 'culturally' behavioural generated responses (cultural) to the same responses.

One of the most (in)famous experiments is the Milgram study  'Behavioural study of obedience' the findings of which Milgram summarises as follows :

 Stark authority was pitted against the subjects' [participants'] strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects' [participants'] ears ringing with the screams of the victims, authority won more often than not. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation.

Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process.

There have been other studies on the same line - all of which come up with essentially the same overall conclusion about humanity's willingness to follow orders over personal morality. But every study was executed in the Western world.

Within psychology, anthropology and sociology, there has been historically been an acceptance that there are base cognitive reactions that are common globally. This is being challenged by a growing wave of studies which highlight the flawed thinking behind this. A new paper “The Weirdest People in the World?” by Henrich, Heine, & Noranzayan and covered in this article really got me thinking about the impact of cognitive vs cultural behaviours.  The paper talks about how new studies are showing increasingly that what has historically been considered as 'base' behaviour is being challenged in the light of new experiments demonstrating cultural impact. It highlights the large proportion of studies being executed in the Western world - from which global assumptions are being extracted

A 2008 survey of the top six psychology journals dramatically shows how common that assumption was: more than 96 percent of the subjects tested in psychological studies from 2003 to 2007 were Westerners—with nearly 70 percent from the United States alone. Put another way: 96 percent of human subjects in these studies came from countries that represent only 12 percent of the world’s population.

It goes on to show that America & Americas - the largest source of such assumptions are not even viable as  the 'Western' norm :

As the three continued their work, they noticed something else that was remarkable: again and again one group of people appeared to be particularly unusual when compared to other populations—with perceptions, behaviors, and motivations that were almost always sliding down one end of the human bell curve

Among Westerners, the data showed that Americans were often the most unusual, leading the researchers to conclude that “American participants are exceptional even within the unusual population of Westerners—outliers among outliers.”
Given the data, they concluded that social scientists could not possibly have picked a worse population from which to draw broad generalizations. Researchers had been doing the equivalent of studying penguins while believing that they were learning insights applicable to all birds.

I have to admit the visual image of Americans as penguins and the streets of New York populated by armies of penguins amuses me- and it requires little stretch of the imagination when you think of the typical daytime population of Wall Street. And mentally migrating on from Wall Street, I started thinking about all the challenges I find in my daily working life in the IT Industry . IT has been shaped and changed dramatically in the last few decades by the rapid growth of outsourcing - leveraging the global economic differences in relative costs - to reduce expenditure whilst attempting to retain flexibility and capability. Outsourcing itself has a reputation for being challenging in the extreme to do successfully and conversations with Westerners who have been involved in outsourcing to Asia or beyond all seem to be peppered with nods of agreement as a familiar litany of woes gets recited and blithly blamed on 'culture'. That said, it has been lauded and dissected by many economic studies and business strategy documents from such leading academic bodies as Harvard, MIT, and the LSE, or commercial organisations such as Gartners or Forresters - so much so that for mid to large companies it is almost automatically accepted as the 'way to go'.

Culture has a major part to play in business life and the challenges of operating on a global basis : one of my recommended bible books to any new starter in multinational working is Fons Trompenaars' 'Riding the waves of culture'. That said, there seems to have always been an underlying assumption that the bone deep drivers of business are the same around the world. Now I question that : have business gurus and economists made the same mistake? Are the challenges faced in outsourcing, in running multinational companies more fundamentally complex than previously portrayed? Is the fact that we assumed we could 'outsource' American or Western norms and  'process' to those same norms inevitably impossible on the basis of the gap between base behaviours?

Does the impact of this mistaken enforcement of the 'American norm' go even deeper? Can it challenge the very beliefs behind our economic systems? Bhutan appears to believe so and chooses to measure itself in 'Gross National Happiness' rather than the more traditional 'GDP' : frequently joked about on the internet and media in general, but becoming of interest to the UN and other multinational bodies. I for one, hope it is adopted more widely.

I would love to see some studies sponsored by the top business schools that take the hypotheses behind the “The Weirdest People in the World?” study and revisits some of the seminal concepts behind business economics and activity in the light of it.

I wonder if the Milgram experiment would have had a different result if it had been done in a 'primitive' culture - and if so, what it says about Westerners as human beings.

Bologna

Hello  Bologna!!

Today I get joined on my trip by my friends Janine, Adam and Heather, and occasionally Phil ( not in photo). Adam and Heather are highly seasoned and high octane tourists, but they put up with me tagging along behind them for a day or so! However, pre-tourist run, one has to have a proper English cup of tea, and biscuits to provide one with the correct fuel to get going!

Bologna is the home of the oldest university in the world and was the first university to grant a degree to a woman (yay!). For those who qualified as doctors they were allowed to have the walls and ceilings of the university decorated with their heraldry and their place of origin - fascinating to see how the 'countries' of Europe evolve over the centuries. Of course, if you continue on to a doctorate and even a professorship or a Chair at the University , you are granted the high honor of being buried in midair. I hope the dead don't suffer from fear of height - and I have to say that the tombs seem to be something straight out of Terry Pratchett's Unseen University.

 Time for a quick strength building break, and a gorgeously chocolatey frozen coffee. NOM!

From there, on to St Stefano, the holiest place in Bologna which is a conglomeration of multiple churches into one large church. In the Middle Ages, it's where all the relics were stored, and one of the churchs is the oldest church in Bologna. Out of interest the blue and white patch on the column is a surveyor's sighting point for ensuring that earthquakes don't cause too much movement or subsidence - not a common point in English historical monuments!

St Stefano also has a 'replica' of the tomb that Jesus was buried in - the Holy Sepulchre. As I've not been there yet, I dont know. But it was a very pretty monument in the middle of a pretty circular chamber. It had awesome acoustics too!

From St Stefano, we headed off to the  main university buildings and ended up in the anatomy theatre. The majority of the theatre is a reconstruction following substantial damage in World War II but it's still an awesome room, with as much of the original as they retained used in the rebuilding. This is the oldest anatomy theatre in Europe, and used cadavars from people executed at the request of the state, but had to be supervised by the church at all times - there were two priests hiding in a small room peeking down with the ability to call a halt if the dissection was too grim!

Of course once you graduated as a surgeon, you went forth into the world to practice - do you think this man was into cosmetic surgery? ( is this a nose I see before me? )

After such a gruesome experience, we clearly needed to rebuild our  strength, so it was time to hit Bologna's best ( and slightly bizarre flavoured ) geleteria . For me, it was pineapple sorbet and it was truely awesome and refreshing. Rock on Italian icecream!


 Bologna is known as the City of Towers and the City of Colonades - it has the longest continuous covered colonade  in the world. The whole central city is lined with colonades which are gloriously welcome for wandering under in the heat and baking sun of the Italian summer.

In the centre of town, opposite the Pope's palace there is a glorious statue - with a naked Neptune and a number of naiads all spouting water from their breasts. Folklore has it that the Pope, on one of his visits, requested the civic dignatories to either remove or cover over the naked bronze flesh on display outside his window, as being most inappropriate to his role. This however was not acceptable to the Bolognese, and Neptune and his naiads still guard the central square.

By this time, my shoes and feet were gently smoking from having followed the experts across the town, so I quietly quiched and took a taxi back to the 'van!